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239 BC
 
   
Ptolemy III issues the Decree of Canopus, the earliest known in the Ptolemaic series of public decrees inscribed in stone in two languages and three scripts      
196 BC
 
    
The text of the Rosetta stone is chiselled into a black basalt slab in the three scripts hieroglyphic Egyptian, demotic Egyptian, and Greek       
Rosetta Stone, 196 BC
(British Museum)

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51 BC
 
     
Ptolemy XII dies, leaving Egypt to his young son, now Ptolemy XIII, and to his older daughter Cleopatra        
51 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld    
In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt      
Bronze coin of Cleopatra, c.40 BC
British Museum

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48 BC
 
    
Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler       
48 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers       
30 BC
 
    
Octavian arrives in Egypt with an army, and holds Cleopatra a prisoner in her palace in Alexandria       
30 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast,       
30 BC
 
   
Octavian annexes Egypt as a Roman territory and takes back to Rome the vast treasures of the Egyptian pharaohs      
30 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld   
With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control